Articles
Fine-Tuning: Where Do the Probabilities Come From?
A narrow life-permitting range is not yet a probability. Fine-tuning arguments need a defensible space of possibilities, a weighting rule, and clearly specified rival explanations.
42Would Knowing God Exists Destroy Free Will?
If God made divine existence unmistakable, belief would no longer be optional. That would settle one question, but it would not automatically force trust, love, obedience, or worship.
41Was the Bible Always Supposed to Be Inerrant? A History of Christian Certainty
Christians defended scripture's truthfulness long before modern fundamentalism, but they disagreed about what its words were meant to assert. From Origen and Augustine to Princeton and the Chicago Statement, the history is more complicated than either side usually admits.
40How Christians Defended and Challenged Slavery
American Christians used the same Bible to defend slavery, demand abolition, and resist the religious system surrounding human ownership. The conflict exposed deeper questions about scripture and moral authority.
39What Do You Do With Sunday After Leaving Church?
Leaving church can open a Sunday morning while also removing its rhythm, people, and purpose. Rebuilding the day starts by deciding which of those things you actually miss.
38Why Does Worship Music Still Feel Powerful After You Stop Believing?
A worship song can still bring tears, chills, or a sense of presence after its theology stops feeling true. Music binds reward, memory, attention, and identity more tightly than belief alone.
37Does the Bible Set Faith Against Evidence?
The New Testament praises belief without seeing, but it also appeals to signs, witnesses, promises, and examination. Faith and evidence are not presented as simple opposites.
36The Kalam Argument: Where Does a Personal God Enter?
The Kalam argument concludes that the universe has a cause. Reaching a timeless, personal creator requires several additional steps, each with its own assumptions.
35Does Morality Need to Be Objective to Matter?
If moral values are shaped by human minds, cultures, and evolution, does that make cruelty merely a preference? The answer depends on what objective means and what we expect morality to do.
34How Do You Recognize an Explanation That Cannot Fail?
An explanation that can absorb every success and every failure may feel resilient. The real question is whether any outcome could make it less credible.
33Thomas Paine’s Challenge to Revelation
The Age of Reason did not argue for atheism. It asked what happens when claimed revelation is treated as testimony, evidence, and moral argument.
32Do Near-Death Experiences Prove an Afterlife?
Near-death experiences can be vivid, patterned, and life-changing. The strongest controlled studies show unexpected awareness during resuscitation, but not proof that consciousness survives irreversible death.
31What Happens to Judas in Matthew and Acts?
Matthew says Judas returned the money and hanged himself. Acts says he acquired a field, fell headlong, and burst open. The differences extend beyond the cause of death.
30Christian Nationalism: What the Label Includes
Christian nationalism can mean cultural influence, government preference, or a religious test for national belonging. The differences matter more than the slogan.
29Is Belief a Choice?
You can choose what to read, whom to trust, and which questions to pursue. But can you decide to believe Christianity, or anything else, simply by willing it?
28Can a Silent Retreat Be Secular?
Silence has deep religious associations, but a retreat does not require belief in revelation or the supernatural. The harder questions concern what practices are being borrowed, what they can offer, and when intensive silence may be unwise.
27Would the Disciples Die for a Lie?
Some early Christian leaders accepted serious danger while proclaiming the resurrection. That supports their sincerity, but the familiar martyrdom argument often claims more than the evidence shows.
26Why Can Hell Still Feel Real After You Stop Believing?
A person can stop accepting the doctrine of hell and still feel its warning in the body. That mismatch is unsettling, but fear is not the same thing as evidence.
25Does Going to Church Improve Mental Health?
Church attendance is often associated with better mental health, but association is not the same as a treatment effect. New longitudinal research complicates the claim that returning to worship will make people healthier.
24Paul’s Resurrection List and the Four Gospel Endings
The earliest surviving written resurrection summary and the four Gospel endings overlap, but they do not tell the same story. A careful comparison shows what each source says, leaves out, and asks readers to infer.
23Did the Council of Nicaea Choose the Books of the Bible?
The bishops at Nicaea argued over the nature of Christ, drafted a creed, addressed Easter, and issued church rules. The surviving record contains no vote choosing the books of the Bible.
22What Does “Spiritual but Not Religious” Actually Mean?
Leaving Christianity does not always produce atheism. Millions of Americans still use spiritual language after stepping away from organized religion, but that label can hide several very different worldviews.
21
Can Psychedelics Create Mystical Experiences Without God?
Psychedelic research can produce experiences people describe as sacred, timeless, unified, and deeply meaningful. That makes the experience real. It does not automatically settle what caused it.
20
What Does Deconstructing Christianity Mean? A 2026 Study of Former Evangelicals
A new sociology study follows former evangelicals through reflection, deconstruction, and reconstruction. It helps separate a messy human process from the online stereotype of simply deciding to stop believing.
19
Can AI Replace a Pastor as a Spiritual Authority?
Christians are already asking AI about scripture, prayer, meaning, and spiritual growth. The harder question is what happens when a tool that sounds certain begins to occupy the role once held by clergy, scripture, or community.
18
Are Young Adults Really Returning to Church?
Recent headlines point to young adults, especially young men, returning to church. Survey reports show some respondents attending more often, but the national picture is more complicated than a revival headline.
17
Does the Bible Teach Eternal Torment?
The Bible contains some of Christianity’s strongest language about everlasting punishment, but it also speaks of death, destruction, and the salvation of all. What follows depends on how those texts are read together.
16
Ten Common Objections in Brief
Ten recurring challenges to atheism, including morality, meaning, scientific limits, and the claim that unbelief requires its own act of faith.
15
Enough Reason Not to Believe
Questions about suffering, revelation, morality, and explanation accumulate. Deciding what to believe requires weighing that evidence together.
14
Living Without God
Leaving religious belief changes familiar sources of community and direction. Ethical responsibility and a meaningful life remain open possibilities.
13
Mind, Consciousness, and the Soul
Conscious experience remains difficult to explain. The relationship between mind and brain puts claims about an independent soul to the test.
12
Meaning, Mortality, and the Value of a Finite Life
Love, responsibility, and meaningful work take place within finite lives. Their value need not depend on a promise that those lives will never end.
11
Religious Experience, Revelation, and Prayer
An experience can feel certain to the person having it. Revelation and prayer raise harder questions when that certainty is offered as public evidence.
10
When “God” Becomes an Explanation
A proposed explanation needs to account for what we observe. Naming a divine cause raises further questions about what that cause predicts.
09
Belief, Evidence, and the Burden of Proof
How much evidence should a belief require? Confidence, uncertainty, and the burden of proof shape how religious claims should be judged.
08
What Atheism Says
Atheism, agnosticism, and naturalism answer different questions. Confusing them changes the claim being asked to bear the burden of proof.
07
What a Defense of Atheism Must Do
Religious promises carry emotional weight. Evaluating them requires a fair account of the evidence and of what unbelief actually commits us to.
06
Morality Without a Lawgiver
Moral reasons grow from conscious lives, vulnerability, flourishing, suffering, and the demands people can justify to one another.
05
Miracles and the Resurrection
Historical testimony deserves a fair hearing, but extraordinary claims demand evidence strong enough to carry their weight.
04
Divine Hiddenness and the Geography of Belief
If God wants relationship with everyone, sincere nonbelief and the geography of religion are difficult facts to explain.
03
The Weight of Suffering
The scale, distribution, and long history of suffering fit uneasily with a perfectly good and all-powerful ruler of nature.
02
Design, Evolution, and a Life-Permitting Universe
Evolution explains biological complexity, while fine-tuning remains an open problem rather than a shortcut to God.
01
Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?
Cosmological arguments raise a hard question without showing that the answer is a personal, loving creator.
